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5\u3002\u9644\u5f55\uff1a\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u4e3b\u7f16\u53ca\u987e\u95ee\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u82ac\u5170\u8bb2\u6f14\u6587\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u8bc4\u8bba<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u73b0\u5c06\u4e24\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7406\u8bba\u4e13\u5bb6\u5728\u7535\u90ae\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u82ac\u5170\u8bb2\u6f14\u6587\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bc4\u8bba\u5f55\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u8bfb\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u5f7c\u6b64\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5f02\u540c\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u63d0\u89c2\u70b9\u6211\u4ee5\u524d\u5404\u79cd\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u8c08\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u5c31\u4e0d\u4e88\u8bf4\u660e\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff5e\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u4e3b\u7f16\u5bf9\u672c\u4eba\u82ac\u5170\u8bb2\u6f14\u6587\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u672c\u4eba\u5bf9\u6b64\u4fe1\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u4ee5\u524d\u6587\u7ae0\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u7406\u8bba\u82ac\u5170\u884c\u201d\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

July-6–2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dear Youzheng Li,
    I\u2019m sorry for taking so long to reply to your email message, but things have been very busy and I just haven\u2019t had time to read the essay on \u201cSemiotics and Ancient History\u201d that you sent me. I hope that this gets to you before the Helsinki Conference. I found the essay interesting, but in two respects thought it might elicit some questions or criticisms at the Conference: (1) it doesn\u2019t spell out very much the role that semiotics plays in the conclusions it draws about ancient and modern history; (2) it operates with a view of the possibilities of a scientific history that many will question. In this regard, it\u2019s not that the essay is wrong to insist on the importance of what it calls \u201ccausal networks\u201d as an important ingredient of history, but on its failure to pay sufficient attention to other aspects of history\u2014aspects that might render the idea that history can be a totalizing science problematic. Here I am thinking of the notion that historians, even modern ones, aren\u2019t just interested in causal networks per se, but in significant ones, where significance is partly a function of the historians\u2019 sense of what is important from the perspective of where we seem to be today. Thus, for instance, histories of World War II may depict that conflict in very different ways depending on whether they are written from the perspective of the Cold War, or the end of Imperialism, or the the destruction of the Jews, or what have you; all these histories will consist of depicting causal networks, but the networks on which they focus will vary from perspective to perspective. And, as perspectives will continue to change, in part as a result of the effects of World War II continuing to work themselves out, new histories of that war will continue to be written. 
I don\u2019t believe that your concept of modern history pays sufficient attention to the concept of significance understood in this way\u2014a way that has no direct counterpart in more straightforwardly scientific disciliplines.
    I hope these remarks are useful to you, and in any case that your visit to Helsinki is a successful one. I\u2019m pleased, too, to learn of the other ways that yopur work has been positively greeted.
Yours.
Brian Fay<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff5e\u4f0a\u683c\u5c14\u65af\u6765\u4fe1\u5e0c\u671b\u770b\u5230\u82ac\u5170\u8bb2\u6f14\u6587<\/p>\n\n\n\n

July  22          ,2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dear Prof. Li:
I must apologize that I did not write you sooner. I was very busy the last few
months, first completing the manuscript of “A Global History of Modern
Historiography” which I wrote together with Q(ingjia) Edward Wang and which is
scheduled to appear in late January, and then making revisions and additions
for a new edition of my Geschichtswissenschaft im 20,. Jahrhundert. I am now
preparing to return from Goettingen to Buffalo. I have gone over your paper
when I received it but shall read it carefully now and write you. Best wishes,
Georg Iggers<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff5e\u4f0a\u683c\u5c14\u65af\u5bf9\u82ac\u5170\u8bb2\u6f14\u6587\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aug\u300217\uff0c2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dear Prof. Li:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pardon my delay in answering you. I was very busy during my move from Germany back to Buffalo. I found your paper very interesting but also had problems with it. I very much sympathized with your call for a globalization of academic discourse to overcome established interdisciplinary borders. This is very important particularly in the world of today where the older Euro- or Western centric orientation have dominated Western thought from Classical antiquity until well into the second half of the twentieth century and to an extent still do. We must now realize the much greater  multiversity of the world and as you stress recognize the need to find forms of communication which overcome the traditional limits between the civilizations. I myself have tried, particularly in my recent work with Qingjia Edward Wang \u201c A Global History of Modern Historiography,\u201d to
mediate between disciplines and cultures. I also agree with you about the need, or rather the desirability, of \u201ca universally intelligible language.\u201d This was, of course, the aim of the Vienna Circle and of some logical positivists. But can this be done? You point out rightly that the Chinese tradition \u2013 and the same holds for other traditions \u2013 \u201cconsisting of philosophical, historical, literary and artistic discourses provides a different kind of intellectual sources of sources that could complement, enrich, and even impact the knowledge of the Western humanities as long as the former has been suitably translated to the universally intelligible language at first.\u201d But all this seems to me too Western oriented, even if coming from a Chinese scholar. The Chinese tradition can be  approached even by translation into non-universal but existing languages, such as English \u2013 and Western traditions can be approached through Chinese. However,
there will be losses, because basic Chinese concepts cannot be full translated into English and vice versa. Even a translation from a language much more closely related to English, like German and French, creates difficulties. How can one translate the concepts Wissenschaft or Geist. And even if there should be a \u201cuniversal intelligible language\u201d it could fully transmit the cultural diversity inherent in traditional languages. Of course, there can be cultural exchanges without suppressing the other cultures, as Westernization tends to do. Today there is universality in the natural sciences \u2013 but at the expense of scientific traditions in other cultures; so that modern science is Western science. The same is not the case in the humanities although even there, there is a trend to shared outlooks, towards what may be considered modern cultures, which may transcend
older Western traditions. You recognize the diversity in the human sciences in which \u201cknowledge is characterized by its traditional blurry formulation and arbitrary way of reasoning.\u201d How can this be overcome. Unlike Hayden White I believe that to an extent, but only to an extent, it can be overcome. There are standards of rational inquiry which can be applied to the test of historical accounts so that there is a division between fiction and historical representations.  Your concept of semiotics suggests that there are such standards. Nevertheless I have some difficulties with your conception of semiotics. You see semiotics as well institutionalized and universal, but semiotics in my opinion is much more diverse and not clearly institutionalized. I think that you oversimplify the US and French traditions which are actually quite diverse and difficult to reduce to a common denominator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I found the paper stimulating but can also understand why History and Theory decided against it. From their perspective it has little to do with historical theory, which they understand in a more limited and in your language academic sense. This in some ways is their and not your limitation. And except for the references to the current process of globalization it deals with semiotics from a relative static, not historical approach. Nevertheless I very much hope that your paper will be published. It has an important message. But I believe, as I just suggested, that there is need for a more complete definition of semiotics. You assume in my opinion too much that it is generally
understood internationally and interdisciplinary what semiotics means. But there have been very different applications of semiotics since the seventeenth century in very diverse fields \u2013 John Locke already used the term – primarily in the West, but I suspect under different names also in other cultures, including China.
I shall be in China \u2013 Shanghai, Nanjing, and Beijing \u2013 between October 25 and November 9. Perhaps we can meet.
With best wishes,
Georg Iggers<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540e\u8bb0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\uff082007\uff0c9\uff0c12 \u5b8c\u7a3f\uff0c9\uff0c13\u4fee\u6539\u7a3f\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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theory\u300b\u7684\u540c\u4e8bFay\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u5728\u957f\u8fbe4\u9875\u7684\u590d\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5efa\u8bae\u6211\u6269\u5145\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u540e\u518d\u520a\u767b\u3002\u6b64\u6587\u540e\u6539\u6295\u6c49\u5821\u4e9a\u6d32\u5b66\u520a\u53d1\u8868\u3002  \u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u8bba\u6587\u201d\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff1a 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