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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u827e\u5fb7\u8499<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6bd5\u751f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u52a8\u4e71\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff08<\/strong><strong>1859<\/strong><strong>\uff09\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u65f6\u5c5e\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u83ab\u62c9\u7ef4\u4e9a\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5728\u5e03\u4f26\u5854\u8bfa\uff08<\/strong><strong>1838-1917<\/strong><strong>\uff09\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u4eba\u683c\u4e2d\u5bfb\u89c5\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5bfc\u5e08\u3002\u5e03\u4f26\u5854\u8bfa\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u751f\u524d\u76ee\u7779\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u83ab\u62c9\u7ef4\u4e9a\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e<\/strong><strong>1918<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6377\u514b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u9996\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u6258\u739b\u65af<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u9a6c\u8428\u91cc\u514b\uff08<\/strong><strong>1850-1937<\/strong><strong>\uff09\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u6700\u957f\u4e45\u7684\u53cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u63a8\u8350\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u8ddf\u968f\u5e03\u4f26\u5854\u8bfa\u5b66\u4e60\u4e4b\u4eba\u3002\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u6709\u751f\u4e4b\u5e74\u5e76\u672a\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6377\u514b\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u53c8\u4e8e<\/strong><strong>1938<\/strong><strong>\u5e74<\/strong><strong>10<\/strong><strong>\u6708\u88ab\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u541e\u5e76\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5374\u4eb2\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5f52\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fb7\u56fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u88d4\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u6709\u5b98\u65b9\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u77e5\u540d\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u90fd\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff08<\/strong><strong>1914-1918<\/strong><strong>\uff09\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e2d\u670d\u5f79\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u5b50\u4e8e<\/strong><strong>1916<\/strong><strong>\u5e74<\/strong><strong>Verdun<\/strong><strong>\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\u727a\u7272\uff0c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u4ecd\u7136\u88ab\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5f53\u5c40\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u201c\u975e\u4e9a\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u88ab\u8feb\u5728\u8863\u670d\u4e0a\u4f69\u6234\u9ec4\u8272\u661f\u5fbd\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u90fd\u6566\u4fc3\u4ed6\u79bb\u5f00\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u5374\u5df2\u56e0\u5e74\u8fc8\u4f53\u8870\u800c\u4e0d\u514b\u524d\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\uff08\u5176\u5b50<\/strong><strong>Gerhart<\/strong><strong>\u5728<\/strong><strong>1933<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u5931\u53bb\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u540e\u5373\u9003\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5367\u75c5\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e<\/strong><strong>1938<\/strong><strong>\u5e74<\/strong><strong>4<\/strong><strong>\u6708\u53bb\u901d\uff0c\u6070\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u5f00\u59cb\u4e4b\u524d\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7528\u5fb7\u6587\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u751f\u4e4b\u5e74\u5185\u5728\u5176\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u5199\u4f5c\u624b\u7a3f\u4e2d\u53ea\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9057\u7559\u7684\u624b\u7a3f\u662f\u7528\u51e0\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u901f\u5199\u4f53\u4eb2\u624b\u5199\u5c31\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u5170\u5fb7\u683c\u91cc\u4f2f\u3014<\/strong><strong>1902-1991<\/strong><strong>\u3015\u548c\u6b27\u6839<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u82ac\u514b\u3014<\/strong><strong>1905-1975<\/strong><strong>\u3015\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8e\u5176\u6545\u4e16\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u6765\u8bbf\u7684\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u795e\u7236\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u91cc\u5965<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u68b5<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u5e03\u96f7\u8fbe\u3014<\/strong><strong>1911-1974<\/strong><strong>\u3015\uff09\u7684\u82f1\u52c7\u5d07\u9ad8\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u624b\u7a3f\u5728\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u6b7b\u540e\u88ab\u5077\u8fd0\u51fa\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5362\u6c76\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5927\u5b66\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u5904\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u853d\u62a4\u6240\u3002\u6599\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u68b5\u5e03\u96f7\u8fbe\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u5927\u5b66\u521a\u83b7\u5f97\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u7814\u7a76\u751f\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u8bf4\u670d\u6821\u957f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u6863\u6848\u9986\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u5e76\u5ef6\u7eed\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u82ac\u514b\u548c\u5170\u5fb7\u683c\u91cc\u4f2f\u66fe\u6765\u5230\u8fd9\u5904\u6863\u6848\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e4b\u540e\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e8e<\/strong><strong>1939<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u4fb5\u7565\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u5747\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u9063\u9001\u56de\u5fb7\u56fd\u81f3\u519b\u4e2d\u670d\u5f79\u3002\u68b5\u5e03\u96f7\u8fbe\u5374\u80fd\u591f\u518d\u6b21\u5c06\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u624b\u7a3f\u5077\u8fd0\u81f3\u4e00\u5904\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u70b9\u9690\u85cf\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6210\u529f\u5730\u534f\u52a9\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u9057\u5b40\u739b\u5c14\u6587\u5973\u58eb\u9003\u79bb\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u540e\u88d4\u5979\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5904\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5b89\u6392\u5979\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u85cf\u8eab\u4e8e\u4e00\u5904\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u53f2\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u5728\u8270\u96be\u653f\u6cbb\u5c81\u6708\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u5fe0\u8bda\u548c\u52c7\u6562\u54c1\u683c\u7684\u6fc0\u52a8\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u8fd9\u90e8\u300a\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u6700\u521d\u662f\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u5199\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u4e4b\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u9762\u5bf9\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4f01\u56fe\u8bf4\u660e\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8bd1\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u674e\u5e7c\u84b8\u6559\u6388\u73b0\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5c06\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u548c\u6211\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bf4\u660e\u8bd1\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6587\u3002\u5e78\u800c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5fb7\u8bed\u3001\u6cd5\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u6bcd\u8bed\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u6781\u5176\u4fe1\u4efb\u4ed6\u5c06\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u7cbe\u7ec6\u8bed\u4e49\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u53e6\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u5708\u5185\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u65b0\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53c2\u4e0e\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u8877\u5fc3\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u90e8\u300a\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u80fd\u591f\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u5bf9\u674e\u5e7c\u84b8\u6559\u6388\u4e3a\u5b8c\u6210\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u51fa\u7248\u6240\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u8f9b\u52b3\u8868\u793a\u611f\u8c22\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u5fb7\u5c14\u9ed8<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u83ab\u5170\uff0c<\/strong><strong>2013<\/strong><strong>\u5e74<\/strong><strong>3<\/strong><strong>\u6708\u4e8e\u90fd\u67cf\u6797<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>\u300a\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u8bcd\u5178\u300b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<strong>\u4e2d\u8bd1\u8005\u5e8f\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u672c\u8bcd\u5178\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\uff09\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u90fd\u67cf\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u9662\u8457\u540d\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u4e13\u5bb6\u5fb7\u5c14\u9ed8<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u83ab\u5170\u6559\u6388\u3002\u517c\u653b\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u3001\u6b27\u9646\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u83ab\u5170\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u73b0\u4e3a\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7687\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u201c<\/strong><strong>2012<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u91d1\u8d28\u5956\u7ae0\u201d\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/strong><strong>2013<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u96c5\u5178\u7b2c<\/strong><strong>23<\/strong><strong>\u5c4a\u56fd\u9645\u54f2\u5b66\u5927\u4f1a\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u5212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u83ab\u5170\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u5341\u5206\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u58f0\u8a89\u751a\u9686\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6700\u4e3a\u5b66\u754c\u79f0\u9053\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8d21\u732e\u9996\u5148\u5373\u4e3a\u5176\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53c8\u4ee5\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u4e3a\u7cbe\u5230\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4ed6\u8fd9\u90e8\u521a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7b80\u660e\u627c\u8981\u7684\u201c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u672f\u8bed\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u6761\u76ee\u8bcd\u5178\u201d\u4e2d\u5373\u53ef\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7814\u7a76\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u5176\u5b66\u672f\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u7740\u9996\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u4f5c\u8005\u66fe\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f53\u4ee3\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u63a5\u53d7\u54f2\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u524d\u5148\u5df2\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u672c\u56fd\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u5b66\u672f\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u517c\u957f\u4e8e\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u4e24\u5cb8\u54f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5199\u4f5c\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0e\u6218\u540e\u8001\u4e00\u8f88\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9664\u66f4\u52a0\u6ce8\u91cd\u9610\u91ca\u548c\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u6027\u4e0e\u7b80\u660e\u6027\u5916\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u590d\u6742\u3001\u6666\u6da9\u7684\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bcd\u8bed\uff0c\u5c3d\u91cf\u5411\u5927\u5b66\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u7231\u597d\u8005\u4eec\u52a0\u4ee5\u9610\u660e\uff0c\u9042\u6210\u4e3a\u957f\u5e74\u6559\u6388\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u83ab\u5170\u6559\u6388\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u5207\u6240\u5728\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5176\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e<\/strong><strong>2000<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u4f5c\u300a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u66fe\u6709\u53f0\u6e7e\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u73b0\u5df2\u7531\u672c\u4e66\u8bd1\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u8bd1\u51fa\uff0c\u4ea6\u5c06\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\uff09\u548c\u300a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5960\u57fa\u8005\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u300b\uff08<\/strong><strong>2005<\/strong><strong>\uff09\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u66f4\u52a0\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5411\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u719f\u6089\u5fb7\u6587\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5e7f\u5927\u82f1\u8bed\u5730\u533a\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u672c\u7cfb\u7edf\u89e3\u91ca\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u590d\u6742\u4e13\u95e8\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u624b\u518c\u3002\u5341\u5206\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u672c\u6709\u5173\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u7684\u7b80\u660e\u672f\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u8bfb\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5fc5\u8981\u548c\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002\u8bd1\u8005\u5728\u4e24\u5e74\u524d\u5f97\u6089\u672c\u8bcd\u5178\u7684\u4e66\u8baf\u540e\u9042\u5df2\u6709\u610f\u5f85\u5176\u51fa\u7248\u540e\u5c3d\u5feb\u5c06\u5176\u8bd1\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u548c\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u8bd1\u8005\u867d\u7136\u4e0e\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u4e24\u5cb8\u8001\u4e00\u8f88\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6709\u6240\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0e<\/strong><strong>1980<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u63a5\u89e6\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u5728\u5076\u7136\u8bfb\u5230\u83ab\u5170\u6559\u6388\u4e3a\u300a\u903b\u8f91\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u65b0\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u6240\u5199\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u5bfc\u8bba\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u6027\u5370\u8c61\u6b8a\u6df1\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u673a\u7f18\u624d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u77e5\u6089\u8be5\u8457\u5df2\u6709\u53f0\u6e7e\u8bd1\u672c\u95ee\u4e16\u3002\u5766\u767d\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u4ece\u6b64\u624d\u5bf9\u82f1\u7f8e\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u771f\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u90fd\u5df2\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><strong>80<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u9047\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e5f\u662f\u4f01\u56fe\u5c06\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u52a0\u4ee5\u7efc\u5408\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u89c6\u5fb7\u6587\u539f\u5178\u51c6\u786e\u89e3\u8bfb\u7684\u6cbb\u5b66\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7814\u7a76\u8457\u4f5c\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u786e\u5b9a\u83ab\u5170\u6559\u6388\u582a\u79f0\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u66f4\u4e3a\u4f18\u79c0\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u5173\u6ce8\u5168\u9762\u6df1\u5165\u638c\u63e1\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u539f\u5178\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5c24\u4e3a\u8d5e\u540c\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u6df1\u5165\u9886\u609f\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u548c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u539f\u5178\u7684\u7814\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c82\u975e\u6b63\u662f\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5411\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ee5\u5916\u56fd\u5bb6\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u5b66\u4e60\uff1f\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u638c\u63e1\u54f2\u5b66\u539f\u5178\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u53e4\u5178\u8bed\u8a00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ca\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u82f1\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u5411\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5f02\u6587\u5316\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u72ec\u7acb\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u9042\u53ef\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7814\u4e60\u5fb7\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7279\u522b\u662f\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u65f6\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u501f\u9274\u6027\u7684\u201c\u9636\u68af\u201d\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u867d\u7136\u8bd1\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u4e13\u5bb6\u81ea\u4efb\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u8bd1\u8005\u5728\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6df1\u5316\u7684\u672c\u8bcd\u5178\u51fa\u7248\u4e4b\u9645\u8868\u8fbe\u4e00\u4e0b\u81ea\u5df1\u6b23\u6170\u4e4b\u60c5\u53ca\u7b80\u8ff0\u5176\u539f\u59d4\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\u662f<\/strong><strong>1960<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u8bd1\u8005\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u706f\u5e02\u53e3\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u5916\u6587\u4e66\u5e97\u201d\u5076\u7136\u8d2d\u5230\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u4e8e<\/strong><strong>1921<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u7684\u5fb7\u6587\u300a\u903b\u8f91\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8bd1\u8005\u540e\u6765\u4ece\u5148\u524d\u671d\u5411\u201c\u7f57\u7d20<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>\u5361\u5c14\u7eb3\u666e\u201d\u65b9\u5411\u6539\u4e3a\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u671d\u5411\u201c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u201d\u65b9\u5411\u4e86\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u90a3\u65f6\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fd8\u6781\u4e3a\u80a4\u6d45\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u300a\u903b\u8f91\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u9042\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\u5b66\u4e60\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u5fb7\u8bed\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8bfb\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7b49\u5230<\/strong><strong>1978<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u54f2\u5b66\u6240\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u5e73\u751f\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u5b66\u672f\u6027\u6587\u7ae0\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u201d\uff08\u540c\u65f6\u5199\u6210\u5e76\u4e8e<\/strong><strong>1980<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\u5728\u675c\u4efb\u4e4b\u5148\u751f\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u8457\u540d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ff0\u8bc4\u300b\u4e0a\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u662f\u201c\u5217\u7ef4<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u201d\uff09\u3002\u6211\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u63d0\u53ca\u6b64\u4e00\u6587\u9769\u540e\u4e4b\u4e2a\u4eba\u804c\u4e1a\u5b66\u672f\u751f\u6daf\u4e4b\u201c\u5f00\u7aef\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u793a\u7740\u6211\u5bf9\u201c\u5185\u5fc3\u7406\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u201c\u5916\u5fc3\u7406\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff09\u7684\u672c\u80fd\u6027\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u793a\u7740\u6211\u5bf9\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u610f\u6db5\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u540e\u8005\u4e5f\u540c\u65f6\u4f53\u73b0\u4e8e\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5173\u5207\u548c\u5176\u6240\u5904\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u4f26\u7406\u6027\u60b2\u5267\u3002\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u548c\u5176\u540e\u5bf9\u6211\u59cb\u7ec8\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u5174\u594b\u70b9\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4e5f\u5c61\u6b21\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u90a3\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u610f\u5728\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b66\u754c\u63d0\u5347\u5bf9\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u7cbe\u795e\u95f4\u4e92\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff1b\u6211\u4e5f\u5c61\u6b21\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eca\u65e5\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e8b\u4e1a\u201c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u201d\u7684\u666e\u904d\u79bb\u5f03\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u9887\u611f\u5931\u671b\u3002\u6211\u613f\u5728\u6b64\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u91cd\u7533\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u5bf9\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u4e4b\u540e\u201c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u5fb7\u6cd5\u4e24\u5de8\u5934\u7684\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u548c\u8428\u7279\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u76f4\u4e5f\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5374\u5bf9\u4e4b\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u548c\u60c5\u7eea\u4e0a\u7684\u4eb2\u8fd1\u611f\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u672c\u4eba\u5b66\u672f\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u4e13\u4e1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7acb\u573a\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u7684\u201c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u201d\u5c31\u4e5f\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5904\u5904\u76f8\u540c\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b66\u672c\u4f4d\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u65b9\u9762\u8bd1\u8005\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u201c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u65b9\u9762\u8bd1\u8005\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u4ec1\u5b66\u548c\u9633\u660e\u5b66\u201c\u76f4\u610f\u628a\u63e1\u201d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u65e5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u201c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e49\u7406\u201d\u76f4\u610f\u628a\u63e1\uff08\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff1a\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u610f\u6db5\u5e76\u975e\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u4e8e\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u6587\u7a3f\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8868\u73b0\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4e3a\u6b64\u5185\u5fc3\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5173\u5207\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e4b\u201c\u51c6\u5907\u5b66\u201d\u5185\uff09\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u672a\u6765\u201c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u201d\u5c06\u5e94\u8be5\u6cbf\u7740\u4e24\u6761\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u8def\u7ebf\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u3001\u4e00\u4ee3\u80dc\u4f3c\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u4e25\u8083\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u5982\u4f55\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u601d\u60f3\u6240\u505a\u7684\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u8bd1\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\u201c\u4f26\u7406\u4e3b\u4f53\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u4e4b\u4e8e\u540e\u4e00\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8bd1\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u65e9\u5148\u5f15\u4ecb\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4ecd\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u5bf9\u524d\u8005\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u53d1\u5c55\u7ee7\u7eed\u5c65\u5c3d\u6700\u540e\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u672c\u8bcd\u5178\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u4e3a\u5176\u300a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u5199\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u5b66\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u201c\u795d\u613f\u5409\u8a00\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u201d\u3014<\/strong><strong>transformed phenomenology<\/strong><strong>\u3015\u7684\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u3001\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4eba\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b66\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u201d\u4e86\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u4ece\u54f2\u5b66\u8bcd\u5178\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u8bd1\u8005\u539f\u5148\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u8bcd\u5178\u5305\u542b\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u540d\u6761\u76ee\uff08\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5c31\u4eba\u540d\u6761\u76ee\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5e94\u8be5\u5305\u62ec\u800c\u672a\u5305\u62ec\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5982\u201c\u6885\u7f57<\/strong><strong>\u00b7<\/strong><strong>\u5e9e\u8482\u201d\u3001\u201c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u5179\u201d\u7b49\u6761\u76ee\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u662f\u5b66\u754c\u719f\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u514d\u5f92\u5f92\u5360\u636e\u7bc7\u5e45\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e5f\u53ef\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u987a\u624b\u67e5\u68c0\u76f8\u5173\u4eba\u7269\u80cc\u666f\u8baf\u606f\u4e4b\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u6bd4\u8f83\u6b20\u7f3a\uff08\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u5bf9\u6211\u8bf4\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u539f\u6587\u5185\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\u6027\u758f\u6f0f\u3002\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8bd1\u8005\u5df2\u5bf9\u6b64\u5c3d\u91cf\u4e88\u4ee5\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u66f4\u6b63\u4e86\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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